Practice Parameters for the Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Treatment of Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Failed Back Surgery Syndrome
Is SCS indicated for the treatment of failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) or lumbosacral root injury pain (also known as "arachnoiditis")?
Yes.
| Strength of recommendation | Evidence sources/rationale |
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A = Recommended or required Valid, useful, or non-negotiable |
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FBSS randomized controlled trials
North RB, Kidd DH, Farrokhi F, Piantadosi S. Spinal cord stimulation versus repeated lumbosacral spine surgery for chronic pain:a randomized, controlled trial. Neurosurgery 56(1):98-106, 2005.Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, Eldabe S, Meglio M, Molet J, Thomson S, O’Callaghan J, Eisenberg E, Milbouw G, Buchser E, Fortini G, Richardson, J, North RB The effects of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain are sustained: a 24-month follow-up of the prospective randomized controlled multicenter trial of the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation. Neurosurgery 63(4):762-768, 2008.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, Eldabe S, Meglio M, Molet J, Thomson S, O'Callaghan J, Eisenberg E, Milbouw G, Buchser E, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Pain 132(1-2):179-188, 2007.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry
FBSS long-term FU studies
van Buyten J-P, van Zundert JV, Milbouw G. Treatment of failed back surgery syndrome patients with low back and leg pain: a pilot study of a new dual lead spinal cord stimulation system. Neuromodulation 2(4):258-265, 1999.Abstract | Wikistim Entry Siegfried J, Lazorthes Y. Long-term follow-up of dorsal cord stimulation for chronic pain syndrome after multiple lumbar operations. Appl Neurophysiol 45:201-204, 1982.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Rainov NG, Heidecke V, Burkert W. Short test-period spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery syndrome. Minim Invasive Neurosurg 39(2):41-44, 1996.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Probst C. Spinal cord stimulation in 112 patients with epi-/intradural fibrosis following operation for lumbar disc herniation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 107(3-4):147-151, 1990.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry North RB, Ewend ME, Lawton MA, Kidd DH, Piantadosi S. Failed back surgery syndrome: 5-year follow-up after spinal cord stimulator implantation. Neurosurgery 28(5):692-699, 1991.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry North RB, Kidd DH, Olin J, Sieracki JM, Farrokhi F, Petrucci L, Cutchis PN. Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain: a prospective, controlled trial comparing dual with single percutaneous electrodes. Spine 30(12):1412-1418, 2005.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry North RB, Kidd DH, Petrucci L, Dorsi MJ. Spinal cord stimulation electrode design: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial comparing percutaneous with laminectomy electrodes: Part II-clinical outcomes. Neurosurgery 57(5):990-995, 2005.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Leclercq TA, Russo E. Epidural stimulation for pain control [French]. Neurochirurgie 27(2):125-128, 1981.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kumar K, Toth C. The role of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain postlaminectomy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2:85-92, 1998.
Kumar K, Malik S, Demeria D. Treatment of chronic pain with spinal cord stimulation versus alternative therapies: cost-effectiveness analysis. Neurosurgery 51(1):106-116, 2002.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Fiume D, Sherkat S, Callovini GM, Parziale G, Gazzeri G. Treatment of the failed back surgery syndrome due to lumbo-sacral epidural fibrosis. Acta Neurochir Suppl 64:116-118, 1995.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Devulder J, de Laat M, van Bastelaere M, Rolly G. Spinal cord stimulation: a valuable treatment for chronic failed back surgery patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 13(5):296-301, 1997.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry de la Porte C, Van de Kelft E. Spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome. Pain 52(1):55-61, 1993.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry de la Porte C, Siegfried J. Lumbosacral spinal fibrosis (spinal arachnoiditis). Its diagnosis and treatment by spinal cord stimulation. Spine 8(6):593-603, 1983.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry De Andrés J, Quiroz C, Villanueva V, Valia JC, Lopez Alarcon D, Moliner S, Monsalve V. Patient satisfaction with spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery syndrome [Spanish]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 54(1):17-22, 2007.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Dario A, Fortini G, Bertollo D, Bacuzzi A, Grizzetti C, Currari S. Treatment of failed back surgery syndrome. Neuromodulation 4(3):105-110, 2001.
Abstract Budd K. Spinal cord stimulation: cost-benefit study. Neuromodulation 5(2):75-78, 2002.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Blond S, Armignies P, Parker F, Dupard T, Guieu JD, Duquesnoy B, Christiaens JL. Chronic sciatalgia caused by sensitive deafferentiation following surgery for lumbar disk hernia: Clinical and therapeutic aspects. Apropos of 110 patients [French]. Neurochirurgie 37(2):86-95, 1991.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry
FBSS short-term FU studies
Sharan A, Cameron T, Barolat G. Evolving patterns of spinal cord stimulation in patients implanted for intractable low back and leg pain. Neuromodulation 5(3):167-179, 2002.Abstract | Wikistim Entry Rütten S, Komp M, Godolias G. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) using an 8-pole electrode and double-electrode system as minimally invasive therapy of the post-discotomy and post-fusion syndrome--prospective study results in 34 patients [German]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 140(6):626-631, 2002.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Ohnmeiss DD, Rashbaum RF, Bogdanffy GM. Prospective outcome evaluation of spinal cord stimulation in patients with intractable leg pain. Spine 21(11):1344-1350, 1996.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry North RB, Kidd DH, Olin J, Sieracki JN, Petrucci L. Spinal cord stimulation for axial low back pain: a prospective, controlled trial comparing 16-contact insulated electrode arrays with 4-contact percutaneous electrodes. Neuromodulation 9(1):56-67, 2006.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Leveque J-C, Villavicencio AT, Bulsara KR, Ruvin L, Gorecki JP. Spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery syndrome. Neuromodulation 4(1);1-9, 2001.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry LeDoux MS, Langford KH. Spinal cord stimulation for the failed back syndrome. Spine 18(2):191-194, 1993.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Heidecke V, Rainov NG, Burkert W. Hardware failures in spinal cord stimulation for failed back surgery syndrome. Neuromodulation 3(1):27-30, 2000.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Fassio B, Sportes J, Romain M, Vallespir R. Chronic medullary neuro-stimulation in lumbosacral spinal arachnoiditis [French]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 74(5):473-479, 1988.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry De Mulder PA, te Rijdt B, Veeckmans G, Belmans L. Evaluation of a dual quadripolar surgically implanted spinal cord stimulation lead for failed back surgery patients with chronic low back and leg pain. Neuromodulation 8(4):219-224, 2005.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Bel S, Bauer BL. Dorsal column stimulation (DCS): cost to benefit analysis. Acta Neurochir 52(Suppl):121-23, 1991.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Batier C, Frerebeau P, Kong A Siou D, Privat JM, Roquefeuil B, Seignarbieux F, Sergent P. Posterior spinal cord neurostimulation in lumbar radiculitis pain. Apropos of 14 cases [French]. Agressologie 30(3):137-138, 1989.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry
FBSS case studies
Vijayan R, Ahmad TS. Spinal cord stimulation for treatment of failed back surgery syndrome--two case reports. Med J Malaysia 54(4):509-513, 1999.Abstract | Wikistim Entry Buonocore M, Demartini L, Bonezzi C. Lumbar spinal cord stimulation can improve muscle strength and gait independently of the analgesic effect: a case report. Neuromodulation 9(4):309-313, 2006.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Arxer A, Busquets C, Vilaplana J, Villalonga A. Subacute epidural abscess after spinal cord stimulation implantation [letter]. Eur J Anesthesiol 20:753-759, 2003.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry
FBSS miscellaneous studies
North RB, Lanning A, Hessels R, Cutchis PN. Spinal cord stimulation with percutaneous and plate electrodes: side effects and quantitative comparisons. Neurosurg Focus 2(1:3), 1-5, 1997.Abstract | Wikistim Entry
FBSS in studies with mixed indications
Villavicencio AT, Leveque JC, Rubin L, Bulsara K, Gorecki JP. Laminectomy versus percutaneous electrode placement for spinal cord stimulation. Neurosurgery 46(2):399-405, 2000.Abstract | Wikistim Entry Van de Kelft E, De La Porte C. Long-term pain relief during spinal cord stimulation. The effect of patient selection. Qual Life Res 3(1):21-27, 1994.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry van Buyten J-P, van Zundert J, Vueghs P, Vanduffel L. Efficacy of spinal cord stimulation: 10 years of experience in a pain centre in Belgium. Eur J Pain 5(3):299-307, 2001.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Tseng SH. Treatment of chronic pain by spinal cord stimulation. J Formos Med Assoc 99(3):267-271, 2000.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Spincemaille GH, Beersen N, Dekkers MA, Theuvenet PJ. Neuropathic limb pain and spinal cord stimulation: results of the Dutch prospective study. Neuromodulation 7(3):184-192, 2004.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Spiegelmann R, Friedman WA. Spinal cord stimulation: a contemporary series. Neurosurgery 28(1):65-70, 1991.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Segal R, Stacey BR, Rudy TE, Baser S, Markham J. Spinal cord stimulation revisited. Neurol Res 20(5);391-396, 1998.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Rosenow JM, Stanton-Hicks M, Rezai AR, Henderson JM. Failure modes of spinal cord stimulator hardware. Neurosurg Spine 5(3):183-190, 2006.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Quigley DG, Arnold J, Eldridge PR, Cameron H, McIvor K, Miles JB, Varma TR. Long-term outcome of spinal cord stimulation and hardware complications. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 81(1-4):50-56, 2003.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry North RB, Kidd DH, Zahurak M, James CS, Long DM. Spinal cord stimulation for chronic, intractable pain: experience over two decades. Neurosurgery 32(3):384-394, 1993.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry North RB, Ewend ME, Lawton MA, Kidd DH, Piantadosi S. Failed back surgery syndrome: 5-year follow-up after spinal cord stimulator implantation. Neurosurgery 28(5):692-699, 1991.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Meglio M, Cioni B, Prezioso A, Talamonti G. Spinal cord stimulation in deafferentation pain. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 12(4 Pt 2):709-712, 1989.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry May MS, Banks C, Thomson SJ. A retrospective, long-term, third-party follow-up of patients considered for spinal cord stimulation. Neuromodulation 5(3):137-144, 2002.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Lang P. The treatment of chronic pain by epidural spinal cord stimulation - a 15 year follow up: present status. Axon 71-73, 1997.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kupers RC, Van den Oever R, Van Houdenhove B, Vanmechelen W, Hepp B, Nuttin B, Gybels JM. Spinal cord stimulation in Belgium: a nation-wide survey on the incidence, indications and therapeutic efficacy by the health insurer. Pain 56(2):211-216, 1994.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kumar K, Toth C. The role of spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain postlaminectomy. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2:85-92, 1998.
Kumar K, Hunter G, Demeria D. Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22-year experience. Neurosurgery 58(3):481-494, 2006.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kumar A, Felderhof C, Eljamel MS. Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of refractory unilateral limb pain syndromes. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 81(1-4):70-74, 2003.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kay AD, McIntyre MD, Macrae WA, Varma TR. Spinal cord stimulation--a long-term evaluation in patients with chronic pain. Br J Neurosurg 15(4):335-341, 2001.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Kavar B, Rosenfeld JV, Hutchinson A. The efficacy of spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. J Clin Neurosci 7(5):409-413, 2000.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Gonzaléz-Darder JM, Canela P, Gonzaléz-Martinez V, Ortiz E, Gómez R, Ceijas F. Spinal electrical stimulation. Current indications and results in a series of 46 patients [Spanish]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 39(2):86-90, 1992.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Frank ED, Menefee LA, Jalali S, Sanschagrin K, Crerand C, Park J, Padula V, Shaikh R, Barolat G. The utility of a 7-day percutaneous spinal cord stimulator trial measured by a pain diary: a long-term retrospective analysis. Neuromodulation 8(3):162-170, 2005.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Eisenberg E, Backonja MM, Fillingim RB, Pud D, Hord DE, King GW, Stojanovic MP. Quantitative sensory testing for spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Pract 6(3):161-165, 2006.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Devulder J, Vermeulen H, De Colvenaer L, Rolly G, Calliauw L, Caemaert J. Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain: evaluation of results, complications, and technical considerations in sixty-nine patients. Clin J Pain 7:21-22, 1991.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Devulder J, De Colvenaer L, Rolly G, Caemaert J, Calliauw L, Martens F. Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain therapy. Clin J Pain 6:51-56, 1990.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Broggi G, Servello D, Dones I, Carbone G. Italian multicentric study on pain treatment with epidural spinal cord stimulation. Stereotac Funct Neurosurg 62(1-4):273-278, 1994.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Aló KM, Redko V, Charnov J. Multiple program spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain: follow-up of multiple program SCS. Neuromodulation 2(4):266-272, 1999.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Aló KM, Redko V, Charnov J. Four year follow-up of dual electrode spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain. Neuromodulation 5(2):79-99, 2002.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Allegri M, Arachi G, Barbieri M, Paulin L, Bettaglio R, Bonetti G, Demartini L, Violini A, Braschi A, Bonezzi C. Prospective study of the success and efficacy of spinal cord stimulation. Minerva Anestesiol 70(3):117-124, 2004.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Abejón D, Reig E, del Pozo C, Contreras R, Insausti J. Dual spinal cord stimulation for complex pain: preliminary study. Neuromodulation 8(2):105-111, 2005.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry
Low back/leg pain (not necessarily FBSS)
Slavin KV, Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Cooke B. Efficacy of transverse tripolar stimulation for relief of chronic low back pain: results of a single center. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 73(1-4):126-130, 1999.Abstract | Wikistim Entry Raphael JH, Southall JL, Gnanadurai TV, Treharne GJ, Kitas GD. Multiple lead spinal cord stimulation for chronic mechanical low back pain: a comparative study with intrathecal opioids drug delivery. Neuromodulation 7(4):260-266, 2004.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Ohnmeiss DD, Rashbaum RF. Patient satisfaction with spinal cord stimulation for predominant complaints of chronic, intractable low back pain. Spine J 1(5):358-363, 2001.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Leibrock L, Meilman P, Cuka D, Green C. Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic low back and lower extremity pain syndromes. Nebraska Med J 69:180-183, 1984.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Hieu PD, Person H, Houidi K, Rodriguez V, Vallee B, Besson G. Treatment of chronic lumbago and radicular pain by spinal cord stimulation. Long-term results [French]. Rev Rhum Ed Fr 61(4):271-277, 1994.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Hassenbusch SJ, Stanton-Hicks M, Covington EC. Spinal cord stimulation versus spinal infusion for low back and leg pain. Acta Neurochir Suppl 64:109-115, 1995.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Wilson BJ, Denison DB, Olson KA, Shatin D. Prognostic factors of spinal cord stimulation for chronic back and leg pain. Neurosurgery 36(6):1101-1110, 1995.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Barolat G, Oakley JC, Law JD, North RB, Ketcik B, Sharan A. Epidural spinal cord stimulation with a multiple electrode paddle lead is effective in treating intractable low back pain. Neuromodulation 4(2):59-66, 2001.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry
Low back/leg pain (not necessarily FBSS in studies with mixed indications)
van Buyten J-P. The performance and safety of an implantable spinal cord stimulation system in patients with chronic pain: a 5-year study. Neuromodulation 6(2):79-87, 2003.Abstract | Wikistim Entry Sundaraj SR, Johnstone C, Noore F, Wynn P, Castro M. Spinal cord stimulation: a seven-year audit. J Clin Neurosci 12(3):264-270, 2005.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry North RB, Fischell TA, Long DM. Chronic dorsal column stimulation via percutaneously inserted epidural electrodes: preliminary results in 31 patients. Appl Neurophysiol 40(2-4):184-191, 1977.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Mundinger F, Neumüller H. Programmed stimulation for control of chronic pain and motor diseases. Appl Neurophysiol 45:102-111, 1982.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Meglio M, Cioni B, Visocchi M, Tancredi A, Pentimalli L. Spinal cord stimulation in low back and leg pain. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 62(1-4):263-266, 1994.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry Burchiel KJ, Anderson VC, Brown FD, Fessler RG, Friedman WA, Pelofsky S, Weiner RL, Oakley J, Shatin D. Prospective, multicenter study of spinal cord stimulation for relief of chronic back and extremity pain. Spine 21(23):2786-2794, 1996.
Abstract | Wikistim Entry
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